Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain

Cochrane review of 63 RCTs in infants/toddlers up to age 3 undergoing needle procedures. Strongest evidence for: skin-to-skin contact, sucking (with or without sweet solution), swaddling/facilitated tucking, and distraction. Combination ("bundle") outperforms any single technique. Useful for NICU/well-child clinics in LMIC where pharmacological options limited.